It may sound like a disease of the past, but tuberculosis, or tb, is still a real concern today. The development of tb requires infection by m tuberculosis and inadequate containment by the immune system. Active tuberculosis develops in only 5% to 10% of persons exposed to m. T cell activation against mycobacterium tuberculosis. Serafino wania mbbs, mrcp, msc trop med pathophysiology inhalation of mycobacterium tuberculosis leads to one of four possible outcomes. Tb most commonly affects the lungs but also can involve almost any organ of the body.
In the early 20th century, tb was a leading cause of death in the united states. Primary pulmonary tuberculosis is a rare cause estimated to occur in less than 1 percent of cases. Introduction tb is caused by tubercle bacilli, which belong to the genus mycobacterium. Pulmonary tuberculosis, tb, pulmonary disease, lung disorder, pathophysiology slideshare uses cookies to improve functionality and performance, and to provide you with relevant advertising. It was first isolated in 1882 by a german physician named robert koch who received the nobel prize for this discovery. Symptoms include a persistent bad cough, chest pain, and breathlessness. A type of bacteria called mycobacterium tuberculosis causes it. When these bacteria enter the lungs, they are usually walled off into harmless capsules granulomas in the lung, causing infection but not disease. Shortcourse chemotherapy in pulmonary tuberculosis.
The bacterium mycobacterium tuberculosis causes tuberculosis tb, a contagious, airborne infection that destroys body tissue. Ppt pulmonary tuberculosis powerpoint presentation. Tuberculosis is a hypersensitive granulomatous infectious disease caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis m. The incidence of prematurity,small for dates and low birthweight was doubled. Tb has many manifestations, affecting bone, the central nervous system, and many other organ systems, but it is primarily a pulmonary disease that is initiated by the deposition of mycobacterium tuberculosis, contained in aerosol droplets, onto lung alveolar surfaces. In developed countries, the differential diagnosis should consider a postviral cough, asthma, reflux oesophagitis or lung cancer. Tuberculosis and the reservoir of infection is humans with active tb. Clinical presentation and diagnosis of tuberculosis.
As tuberculosis of lungs or pulmonary tuberculosis is contagious, it can easily spread from one person to. Immediate clearance of the organism latent infection the onset of active disease primary. Learning about the pathophysiology of pulmonary tuberculosis. In 2006, the emergence of extensively drugresistant tuberculosis xdr. Pathophysiology tuberculosis rvs chaitanya koppala 2. Transmission of the disease is spread when a person with pulmonary tuberculosis sneezes or coughs, thus, releasing droplets into the air which is then breathed in by another person. Associated paratracheal lymphadenopathy may occur because the bacilli spread from the lungs through the lymphatic system. A free powerpoint ppt presentation displayed as a flash slide show on id. Pulmonary tuberculosis symptoms, causes, pathophysiology. As discussed in chapter 2, transmission and pathogenesis of tuberculosis, tb disease most commonly affects the lungs and is referred to as pulmonary tb disease. Tuberculosis tb etiology, pathophysiology, symptoms, signs, diagnosis. It is usually asymptomatic and only identified through significant diagnostic examinations. Pulmonary tb is curable with an early diagnosis and antibiotic treatment. Although it essentially exists subclinically, some selflimiting findings might be noticed.
The onset of active disease primary disease active disease many years later reactivation disease. In this lecture the pathophysiology and pathogenesis of tuberculosis has been discussed. Tb patients appear to contribute substantially to the growing worldwide burden of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease copd 10 12. Extrapulmonary tuberculosis tb represents approximately 15% of all tb infections. Primary pulmonary tuberculosis since the most immediate location of pathogenesis of the organism is in the lungs, primary activation of disease in the pulmonary cavity is considered. Tuberculosis tb is an infectious disease caused by bacteria whose scientific name is mycobacterium tuberculosis. In many cases, m tuberculosis becomes dormant before it progresses to active tb. In human, a tb index case may infect a contact person through cough and expectoration, so the lung is the. Pulmonary tuberculosis pathophysiology immune system. Pulmonary tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis. Tuberculosis tb is an airborne infectious disease caused by organisms of the mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. Cd4 t lymphocyte count and the radiographic presentation of pulmonary tuberculosis. It most commonly involves the lungs and is communicable in this form, but may affect almost any organ system including the lymph nodes, cns, liver, bones, genitourinary tract, and gastrointestinal tract. The natural history of pulmonary tuberculosis 2 slide 3 illustrates colonies of m.
Diagnosis and management of tuberculosis in pregnancy. Most cases of tb are pulmonary and acquired by person to person transmission of. Although, usually a lung infection, tuberculosis is a multi system disease with protean manifestation. The organism that causes ptb is known as mycobacterium tuberculosis. Although, usually a lung infection, tuberculosis is a multisystem disease with protean manifestation. Pulmonary tuberculosis symptoms, diagnosis and treatment. Host immune responses probably play a dominant role in lung damage. The entry of mycobacterium tuberculosis into our body causes of tube. In a study of indian women26 with pulmonary disease treated for 79 months in pregnancy,perinatal mortality was six times higher than in controls. And as the old saying goes, an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure.
From this point, the progression of the disease can have several outcomes. Posttb lung dysfunction often goes unrecognised, despite its relatively high prevalence and its association with reduced quality of life. Importantly, specific host and pathogen factors causing lung impairment remain unclear. These capsules may later wake up weeks, months or decades later causing active tb disease. Although the body forms a tubercle around the invading bacteria, they can continue to replicate inside, causing the tubercle to grow. A past history of pulmonary tuberculosis tb is a risk factor for longterm respiratory impairment. Representing approximately 75% of all tuberculosis cases, pulmonary tb is the most common form of the disease. Furthermore, treated tb patients appear to contribute substantially to the growing worldwide burden of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
In clinical practice, rapid tb diagnosis can be difficult, and early pulmonary tb detection continues to be challenging for clinicians. Discuss critical gaps in maternalinfant tb research. Chapter 2 transmission and pathogenesis of tuberculosis. Infectious droplet nuclei are generated when persons who have pulmonary or laryngeal tb disease cough, sneeze, shout, or sing. Most cases of tb are pulmonary and acquired by person to person transmission of airborne droplets of organisms. Current research on the pathophysiology, immunology, prevention and treatment of tb. Inhalation of mycobacterium tuberculosis leads to one of four possible outcomes. Based on the part of the body where the bacteria have infected, tuberculosis can be classified into two heads pulmonary and extra pulmonary tuberculosis. A study of the relationship between these factors in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. International journal of tuberculosis and lung disease the union. Mycobacterium tuberculosis pathogenesis and molecular.
Pulmonary tuberculosis pathophysiology free download as word doc. Pulmonary tuberculosis tb is a serious bacterial infection of the lungs. Tuberculosis tb is caused by a type of bacterium called mycobacterium tuberculosis. A controlled trial by the british thoracic and tuberculosis association. While extra pulmonary tuberculosis generally affects the other parts of the body, pulmonary tuberculosis affects the lungs. Pulmonary tuberculosis tb remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, with about onethird of the worlds population infected. Extrapulmonary tuberculosis is challenging to diagnose, but knowledge of its pathophysiology and imaging features can help the radiologist identify this infectious disease in highrisk patients. Tuberculosis a manual for medical students service. Because of the ease of transmission of this disease. Tb is caused by slowgrowing bacteria called mycobacterium tuberculosis. Tuberculosis tb is a global health concern for both developing and developed countries and has recently become more complex due to persistence in aging populations and the rise of drugresistant strains, even in korea1,2. The burden of tb in many countries is compounded in those who have co infection with the human immunodeficiency virus hiv. Its spread when a person with active tb disease in their lungs coughs or sneezes and someone else inhales the expelled droplets, which contain tb bacteria.
Tb patients appear to contribute substantially to the growing worldwide burden of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease copd 1012. Pathophysiology and microbiology of pulmonary tuberculosis robert l. Tuberculosis tb is an infectious disease that usually affects the lungs, though it can affect any organ in the body. Other possible locations include bones, joints, pleura, and genitourinary system 4. Tuberculosis airborne disease caused by the bacterium mycobacterium tuberculosis m. The most common extrapulmonary tuberculosis is lymphatic tuberculosis.
Pulmonary tuberculosis pathophysiology when a person gets exposed to the tubercle bacilli for the first time, a primary tuberculosis infection results and this usually occurs in children and it is made up of parenchymal lesion and hilar lymph node enlargement. Progressive pulmonary diseasewith destructive granulomas and cavitation or disseminated milliary tuberculosis lesions in numerous organs, leading to multi organ system failure secondary infection. If you continue browsing the site, you agree to the use of cookies on this website. Tuberculosis of lung or pulmonary tuberculosiscauses. Patients infected with m tuberculosis who have no clinical, bacteriologic, or radiographic evidence of active tb are said to have latent tb infection. Controlled trial of 6month and 9month regimens of daily and intermittent streptomycin plus isoniazid plus pyrazinamide for pulmonary tuberculosis in hong kong. Pathophysiology means, when a human being or animal being suffering. However, in countries with high rates of tb or patients who have recently visited these countries, sputum examination for tubercle bacilli is recommended.
12 313 483 49 1346 695 369 333 497 1455 314 660 456 934 681 966 192 1061 1398 510 1151 94 1099 179 1077 651 1323 1443 94 738 692 1355 1175 956 1116 390 161 1157 466 1295 145 275 706 1401